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2,200-year-old leaf-wrapped grain bundles found in Chinese tomb may be ancient precursor to ‘zongzi’_我的网站

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    Photo: Courtesy of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyArchaeologists have unearthed a collection of plant-wrapped bundles dating back about 2,200 years that closely resemble modern-day zongzi, the glutinous rice dumplings traditionally eaten during China's Dragon Boat Festival, according to a report by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). This study was published in the National Science Review.
In March 2024, archaeologists from the National Center for Archaeology excavated a large number of well-preserved, waterlogged plant bundles from the tomb's outer coffin chamber. On-site, the plant bundles could be seen tightly wrapped in broad leaves and tied with plant-fiber cords.
A team of researchers led by the National Center for Archaeology, IVPP, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences examined 12 of the bundles and found that the wrapping leaves came from oak trees, while the cords were made from grasses. 
The bundles mainly contained rice, broomcorn millet, foxtail millet, and cereal seeds, most of which were still in their husks and mixed with inflorescence material. Small amounts of peppercorn, mallow and rice-field weed seeds were also found.
The fact that the bundles were found in a tomb and mainly contained grains still in their husks suggests they were not everyday food, but offerings intended for funerary rituals. "This might reflect a Warring States-era belief that grains served as wealth for the dead in the underworld," Ge Yong, an associate researcher at the IVPP and the study's corresponding author, told the Global Times.
A Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC) text describes a belief that "soybeans were gold and millet was money" for the dead, indicating that grains held symbolic significance in funerary culture. "The bundles therefore appear to have been ritual offerings prepared for the deceased," Ge said, "not food for the living."
The physical structure of the bundles also resembles that of zongzi, with grains wrapped in leaves and tightly secured with plant-fiber cords. "Similar practices of wrapping grains for burial have also been found elsewhere within the Chu cultural sphere," Ge said, "such as at the Chengyangcheng Site." 
At the Chengyangcheng archaeological site in Henan Province, rice and broomcorn millet were also discovered wrapped in oak leaves. "An interesting fact is that we can still find zongzi wrapped with the same oak leaves now in regions related to the Chu cultural sphere."
"The findings suggest that wrapping grains as funerary offerings was a relatively common practice in the Chu state during the Warring States period," Ge said. "And this practice may have been an early form of the zongzi later associated with the legend of Qu Yuan."
These plant bundles share a structure similar to that of modern zongzi and to those described in legends and folklore. This might reflect how, through cultural exchange and heritage, these 2,200-year-old plant bundles likely evolved over centuries, shifting from sacrificial offerings to food, said Ge.
As diverse regional populations adapted the practice, it eventually transformed into the well-known Dragon Boat Festival tradition of eating zongzi. Thus, this structural resemblance might suggest a potential historical lineage; however, experts stressed that the Wuwangdun bundles should not simply be labelled as ancient zongzi.
"We can't define these plant bundles as the earliest zongzi, but rather, we can confirm that by 2,200 years ago at the latest, the Chu region had established a tradition of using this specific form of plant bundles for funeral rites. And this tradition could be a possible origin or precursor of the well-known zongzi," said Ge. 
He added that the discovery provides critical physical evidence to explore the origins of zongzi and its cultural heritage.
。    布鲁斯·坎贝尔（Bruce Campbell）已经正式告别了 Evil Dead 系列中的艾什·威廉姆斯（Ash Williams）一角，并排除了未来回归该角色的可能性。

B | 在接受 Screen Rant 的最新采访时，布鲁斯·坎贝尔确认“艾什的故事已经结束”，他将不再出演该角色，甚至不会在动画项目中参与配音。他指出，创作团队将不得不寻找声音相似的演员或通过其他方式解决。这无疑是一个令人遗憾的消息，但考虑到艾什已经有一段时间没有出现在系列的核心位置，这或许也在意料之中。

C | 他告诉 Screen Rant，他基本上没有参与该系列最新的电影 Evil Dead Burn，因为他当时正专注于执导自己的电影《Ernie and Emma》。此外，他似乎也不会深入参与 Evil Dead Wrath 的制作，仅在其中担任执行制片人。“这其实归结为一个选择：是花时间在另一个国家参与别人的电影，还是留在故乡拍摄自己的电影？这并不难选，你明白我的意思吗？既然我不是非得亲自参与 Evil Dead 电影不可，它们就是可选的，而既然是可选的，我就选择了退出。我说：‘我要拍电影了。我必须去拍这部电影，无论花多少年都要把它拍出来，因为在 Alamo Drafthouse 的放映结束后，理论上我还要开始另一场巡演。’”坎贝尔自 1981 年 The Evil Dead 诞生以来就一直与该系列紧密相连。他是导演山姆·雷米（Sam Raimi）的亲密好友和合作伙伴，这使他曾在雷米的 Spider-Man 系列电影以及《奇异博士2：疯狂多元宇宙》中客串出演。尽管由于 Evil Dead 宇宙开始关注其他角色和故事，艾什的戏份随时间推移而减少，但仍有一些粉丝希望艾什能在新的冒险中继续现身。不幸的是，坎贝尔似乎已经准备好放下过去，投身于其他创作领域。坎贝尔还在今年早些时候透露，他被诊断出患有一种“可治疗”但“无法治愈”的癌症。这可能也是他希望在有限的时间里做更多其他事情，并充分利用时间的原因。

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